Orbital Temperature Dampening
In v2.7.1 Aurora calculates temperature based on star luminosity, distance of the body from the star, albedo (how much heat is reflected into space), greenhouse and anti-greenhouse factors and any dust in the atmosphere.
For v3.0, a new ‘dampening factor’ has been added.
In the real world, thick atmospheres and large oceans act as thermal buffers, storing heat and moderating temperature extremes. A planet with a highly eccentric orbit but a dense atmosphere and vast oceans will experience less dramatic temperature swings than a barren airless world in the same orbit.
Aurora now simulates this effect. When determining surface temperatures for planets with eccentric orbits, a dampening factor is calculated that moves the temperature closer to the temperature that would exist for a perfectly circular orbit. This factor is expressed as a percentage and is based on the Kelvin temperature (0C = 273K)
The size of the dampening factor is determined by three properties of the planet:
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Atmospheric pressure: A thicker atmosphere stores more heat. Each 1 atm adds 10% to dampening, with a maximum of 50%
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Ocean coverage: Oceans (not ice) act as heat reservoirs, with each 1% of hydro extent adding 0.3% to dampening, with a maximum of 30%
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Orbital Period: The dampening factor is reduced for orbits longer than one Earth year, as they have more time to heat up or cool down. The effect on dampening is:
1 / SQRT(Orbital Period in Years)
Moons use the orbital mechanics of their parent body, but their own atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Barren worlds, without atmospheres or oceans, will continue to experience the full temperature extremes of their orbits.
For example, if the dampening factor is 40%, the temperature at any given distance would be moved 40% closer to the temperature with a circular orbit (the semi-major axis distance). A planet with a circular orbit temp of 300K and a temp at its current distance of 250K (without dampening), would be 270K after dampening.
There are two major impacts of this change:
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Planets with water and atmosphere will generally have less extreme temperature ranges and therefore the number of potential habitable worlds will increase to some degree. This aids both colonisation and the chance of generating NPRs, ruins, etc..
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Dampening adds some new terraforming considerations and options. Adding atmosphere and water will have more of an effect on extremes temperatures than in v2.7.1, plus when you have exhausted the temperature change effects of greenhouse gases, you can still affect the extreme temperatures of eccentric bodies by adding/removing water and atmosphere.
Notes
The ‘average’ between perihelion and aphelion temperatures is not the same as the semi-major axis (circular orbit) temperature, because the effect of solar luminosity on planetary temperature does not change at a linear rate as distance increases. I only mention this here in case someone tries to calculate the effect of dampening and it appears to be slightly different than they expected.
There are some minor edge cases where the atmospheric pressure might change as a result of the dampening and therefore change greenhouse factors, but I decided to ignore it - because it ends up being a circular problem, it has no effect is the vast majority of cases and no one will notice anyway 